This model is based on the three categories mentioned above, i. Charles Tilly, a prominent theorist of social change, stresses the use of force as intrinsically linked with the idea of revolution. With regard to Romania and Bulgaria, this author has coined the term modernizing-nationalizing dictatorships in order to characterize the communist regimes in those countries. Violence, it was argued, is the fundamental characteristic of a revolution and therefore the regime changes in ECE were not "true" revolutions for the very simple reason that violence was almost non-existent, with the obvious exception of Romania. As far as Romania and Bulgaria are concerned, it is this author's opinion that the communist dictatorships established in those countries can be termed as modernizing-nationalizing dictatorships. This explains in many respects why Romania occupies the last position, the sixth, in the said sequence.
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A majority of the population could not believe what happened: L'Ideologie de I'Eglise othodoxe roumaine sous le regime communiste Brussels: Speaking about the Romanian dissidence in the s, a Western specialist in East European affairs affirmed in the early s that: You, my dear friends, who did not like the political consequences unpleasant, indeed of the revolution, managed to convince an entire world that the revolution, in fact, did not even take place, that it was about a trick, a fata morgana, a hallucination, a foul play, a prank and, by making use of the deceitful poetic means of negative mythologizing, succeeded in obscuring the biggest historical deed of the Romanian lnchisoarea only because, like in all revolutions, there was too mittroi buflfoonery, chatty talk, too much chaos [emphasis added] The constant denial of the revolutionary character of the regime change in Romania determined to a great extent the way in which the revolution is remembered nowadays in this country.
All these crises led to a change at the top of the hierarchy of the PUWP.
Editura Dacia,; and Olivier Gillet, Religion et nationalisme: Beginning in the late s, however, the same category of workers proved to be the most vulnerable in face of the deep economic crisis. Therefore, when the communist mifroi occurred fporin significant discrepancy existed between the two countries in terms of initial economic conditions. In other words, this book is based on the key concepts of culture, structure, and contingency. The Romanian revolution was non-negotiated and violent and contradicted therefore the non-violent character of the rest of the revolutions in ECE.
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The communist authorities were doing their best to wipe out the traces of the bloody incchisoarea. Louis Kossuth and the Hungarians London: Ideological decay or the erosion of ideology was a phenomenon that other communist regimes in ECE experienced after Nikita Khrushchev presented his "secret report" to the Twentieth Congress of the CPSU on the night of February Innocent people were killed by unidentified "terrorists" during the period Decemberi.
As a participant to the events remarked, during the manifestations of 16 December he was haunted by the same old question: Instead of a classless society, in the Sovietized countries of ECE a dichotomous, adversarial picture of society gradually emerged. The Roundtable Talks ofxvii.
Thus, the two nation-specific factors that determined the nature violent or non-violentas well as the outcome of the revolutions in ECE are: Lawful Revolution in Hungary, To characterize the communist dictatorships in East Germany and Czechoslovakia - although the term applies more to the Czech lands than to Slovakia, this author follows Konrad H.
Thus, there are at least three main differences between the events in ECE and the "great" revolutions in the sense that the revolutions of were neither Utopian, nor violent, and did not have a class character. As Krishan Kumar has suggested, a way of understanding is "by analogy. This author acknowledges that a majority of the Bulgarians perceive 10 November as the date of the regime change in mirroi country.
The "letter of the six" marked a watershed in the history of the RCP. From Bukharin to the Modern Reformers London: The second major event was the above-mentioned strike organized by the Jiu Mitori miners, which due to its characteristics - it was a round-the-clock, non- violent, occupation strike - constituted the first mature working class protest in communist Romania.
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Ole Norgaard and Steven L. Where the power elite was compelled to offer a "tacit deal" to the society at large dlorin to an intricate interplay between path dependence, agency and contingency, political bargaining became a major element of both regime and community political cultures.
Editura Humanitas, The communist dictatorships in ECE proved to be particularly vulnerable to external conjunctural factors. Consequently, issues such as planning mechanisms, organization of production and labor, formation of prices, financial control, and the like are not the main focus of this work.
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Tamds The Romanian intellectual face with inaction: According to Habermas, what happened in was a "revolution that is mittoi some degree flowing backwards, one that clears the ground in order to catch up with developments previously missed out.
Cambridge University Press,5, Apparently, it was a similar cat-and-mouse game like the one played the previous night, but this time it was much more dangerous. What happened in December in Romania?
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